Frequency of Myoclonus and its Countermeasures in Terminally Ill Patients with Cancer: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.

Myoclonus is a relatively rare involuntary movement that is often observed in palliative care settings and that can cause patient distress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of myoclonus and countermeasures against it in terminally ill patients with cancer diagnosed by palliative care specialists at Komaki City Hospital, Japan. We retrospectively reviewed patients with terminal cancer who received palliative care consultations between January 2018 and May 2019 and who were diagnosed with myoclonus by palliative care specialists, using electronic medical records. Patient demographics, time from onset of myoclonus to death, daily opioid use, countermeasures, and outcome of myoclonus were assessed. Of 360 patients examined during this period, 45 (12.5%) were diagnosed with myoclonus. Median age was 71 (range, 43-88) years; median time from onset of myoclonus to death was 8 days (range, 0-56); opioid usage was present in 39 patients (morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl: n = 6, 21, and 12, respectively); and median oral morphine equivalent at onset of myoclonus was 60 mg (range, 12-336 mg). Myoclonus treatment was administered to 21 patients (opioid dose reduction, opioid switching, and others: n = 14, 3, and 4, respectively). Myoclonus is a common complication in patients with terminal cancer.

High interleukin-6 levels induced by COVID-19 pneumonia correlate with increased circulating follicular helper T cell frequency and strong neutralization antibody response in the acute phase of Omicron breakthrough infection.

Background: Acute immune responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are influenced by variants, vaccination, and clinical severity. Thus, the outcome of these responses may differ between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients and those with and without COVID-19-related pneumonia. In this study, these differences during infection with the Omicron variant were investigated. Methods: A total of 67 patients (including 47 vaccinated and 20 unvaccinated patients) who were hospitalized within 5 days after COVID-19 symptom onset were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Serum neutralizing activity was evaluated using a pseudotyped virus assay and serum cytokines and chemokines were measured. Circulating follicular helper T cell (cTfh) frequencies were evaluated using flow cytometry. Results: Twenty-five patients developed COVID-19 pneumonia on hospitalization. Although the neutralizing activities against wild-type and Delta variants were higher in the vaccinated group, those against the Omicron variant as well as the frequency of developing pneumonia were comparable between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. IL-6 and CXCL10 levels were higher in patients with pneumonia than in those without it, regardless of their vaccination status. Neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant were higher in vaccinated patients with pneumonia than in those without it. Moreover, a distinctive correlation between neutralizing activity against Omicron, IL-6 levels, and cTfh proportions was observed only in vaccinated patients. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates the existence of a characteristic relationship between neutralizing activity against Omicron, IL-6 levels, and cTfh proportions in Omicron breakthrough infection.

Pulmonary function and chest CT abnormalities 3 months after discharge from COVID-19, 2020-2021: A nation-wide multicenter prospective cohort study from the Japanese respiratory society.

BACKGROUND: No comprehensive analysis of the pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan based on respiratory function tests and chest computed tomography (CT) has been reported. We evaluated post-COVID-19 conditions, especially focusing on pulmonary sequelae assessed by pulmonary function tests and chest CT. METHODS: For this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 1069 patients who presented pneumonia at the time of admission in 55 hospitals from February 2020 to September 2021. Disease severity was classified as moderateⅠ, moderate II, and severe, defined primarily according to the degree of respiratory failure. The data on post-COVID-19 conditions over 12 months, pulmonary function, and chest CT findings at 3 months were evaluated in this study. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 severity on pulmonary sequelae, such as impaired diffusion capacity, restrictive pattern, and CT abnormalities, was also evaluated. RESULTS: The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 conditions at 3 months after COVID-19 were muscle weakness, dyspnea, and fatigue (48.4%, 29.0%, and 24.7%, respectively). The frequency of symptoms gradually decreased over subsequent months. In pulmonary function tests at 3 months, the incidence of impaired diffusion capacity and restrictive pattern increased depending on disease severity. There also were differences in the presence of chest CT abnormalities at the 3 months, which was markedly correlated with the severity. CONCLUSION: We reported a comprehensive analysis of post-COVID-19 condition, pulmonary function, and chest CT abnormalities in Japanese patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study will serve as valuable reference data for future post-COVID-19 condition research in Japan.

Time-dependent changes in cell population data obtained using Sysmex XN-series hematology analyzer in bacterial infections.

BACKGROUND: Time-dependent changes in cell populations during acute bacterial infections remain unclear. We assessed time-dependent changes in fluorescent light intensity of the neutrophil area (NE-SFL) and fluorescent light distribution width index of the neutrophil area (NE-WY) and their association with sepsis and bacteremia. METHODS: Patients with acute bacterial infections were enrolled in this prospective, observational cohort study. Blood samples were collected from all patients at the onset of bacterial infections (day 0) and on days 1 and 3. Microbiological evaluation included the examination of blood bacterial load using PCR. Cell population data were assessed using an automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex series XN-2000). RESULTS: Forty-three participants with acute bacterial infections were enrolled in the study. Twenty-five participants developed definite sepsis. All the participants improved after the onset of infection. NE-WY levels showed significant time-dependent changes in participants with sepsis, peaking on day 0 and significantly decreasing until day 3, whereas these changes were not statistically significant for NE-SFL. A significant correlation with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was observed with NE-WY and NE-SFL in the entire cohort on days 0 and 1. However, only NE-WY showed a significant correlation with blood bacterial load on days 0 and 1. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that NE-WY elevation in sepsis peaked earlier than NE-SFL, which may partly reflect the early bacterial invasion into circulation. These findings advocate caution in interpreting cell population data values as sepsis biomarkers and propose the potential of NE-WY as a therapeutic indicator.

Antimicrobial therapy and outcome of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: A retrospective multicenter study in Japan.

BACKGROUND: MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)-infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess data from patients with MRSA-IE across multiple facilities in Japan, with a specific focus on antimicrobial therapy and prognosis. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IE attributed to MRSA, spanning the period from January 2015 to April 2019. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients from 19 centers were included, with a median age of 67 years. The overall mortality rate was 28.1% at 30 days, with an in-hospital mortality of 45.3%. The most frequently chosen initial anti-MRSA agents were glycopeptide in 67.2% of cases. Daptomycin and linezolid were selected as initial therapy in 23.4% and 17.2% of cases, respectively. Approximately 40% of all patients underwent medication changes due to difficulty in controlling infection or drug-related side effects. Significant prognostic factors by multivariable analysis were DIC for 30-day mortality and surgical treatment for 30-day and in-hospital mortality. For vancomycin as initial monotherapy, there was a trend toward a worse prognosis for 30-day and in-hospital mortality (OR, 6.29; 95%CI, 1.00-39.65; p = 0.050, OR, 3.61; 95%CI, 0.93-14.00; p = 0.064). Regarding the choice of initial antibiotic therapy, statistical analysis did not show significant differences in prognosis. CONCLUSION: Glycopeptide and daptomycin were the preferred antibiotics for the initial therapy of MRSA-IE. Antimicrobial regimens were changed for various reasons. Prognosis was not significantly affected by choice of antibiotic therapy (glycopeptide, daptomycin, linezolid), but further studies are needed to determine which antimicrobials are optimal as first-line agents.

Tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in small cell lung cancer: A case report and literature review.

Tracheomediastinal fistula is a rare but life-threatening complication of cancer. We report a case of tracheomediastinal fistula induced by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer. Despite the treatment response, the metastatic paratracheal lymph node increased gradually during concurrent chemoradiotherapy, resulting in the occurrence of tracheomediastinal fistula and mediastinitis. Without any surgical intervention, the patient achieved successful recovery from mediastinitis through antibiotic treatment, although the tracheomediastinal fistula remained open. In this report, we also review previous studies of tracheomediastinal and bronchomediastinal fistulas and summarize the clinical features.

Effectiveness of opioid switching for dyspnea and its predictors in cancer patients: a single-center retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Morphine is the most used opioid for dyspnea, but other opioids such as oxycodone and fentanyl are increasingly used, and opioid switching to these is sometimes undertaken. No studies have verified the effectiveness of opioid switching for relief of dyspnea. We retrospectively investigated the effectiveness of opioid switching for dyspnea and its predictors. METHODS: All patients with opioid switching for dyspnea during hospitalization at Komaki City Hospital from January 2019 to August 2022 were included. Opioid switching was defined as a change to another opioid, and the assessment period for evaluating the effectiveness and adverse events of opioid switching was set as 1 week. Patients with Numeric Rating Scale or Japanese version of the Support Team Assessment Schedule reduction for dyspnea of at least 1, or with clear improvement based on medical records, were considered valid. Mitigating factors for dyspnea were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 976 patients with opioid switching, 57 patients had opioid switching for relief of dyspnea. Of these, opioid switching was effective in 21 patients (36.8%). In a multivariate analysis, older patients (odds ratio: 5.52, 95% CI: 1.50-20.20, P < 0.01), short prognosis for post-opioid switching (odds ratio: 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04-0.87, P = 0.03) and cachexia (odds ratio: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02-0.64, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with opioid switching effects for dyspnea. There were no serious adverse events after opioid switching. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that opioid switching for dyspnea may have some effect. Furthermore, opioid switching for dyspnea may be more effective in older patients and less effective in terminally ill patients or in those with cachexia.

Curcuma longa extract reduces serum inflammatory markers and postprandial hyperglycemia in healthy but borderline participants with overweight and glycemia in the normal/prediabetes range: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial.

The spice turmeric, which has the Latin name Curcuma longa (C. longa), has various physiological effects. This study evaluated the effects of a hot water mixture with supercritical carbon dioxide C. longa extracts, CLE, and the potential active components of C. longa, turmeronols A and B and bisacurone on inflammation and glucose metabolism. First, we investigated the effect of CLE and the potential active components of C. longa on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. We found a significant decrease in the production of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nitric oxide with CLE, turmeronol A, and bisacurone, Significant inhibition of each of these substances was also observed, except for TNF-α with turmeronol B. The second part of our work was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy but borderline adults aged 40 to 69 years with overweight and normal/prediabetes glycemia. We compared blood inflammatory and glycometabolic markers in the CLE (n = 55) and placebo groups (n = 55). We found significantly lower serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and hemoglobin A1c levels in the CLE group. This group also showed significant improvements in postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity indices. Our findings indicate that CLE may reduce low-grade inflammation and thus improve insulin sensitivity and postprandial hyperglycemia. Clinical trial registration: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000051492, UMIN-CTR, UMIN000045106.

The fatal case of "Pigmentibacter" bacteremia following aspiration pneumonia in elderly patient.

"Pigmentibacter ruber" was first reported in 2021, a novel bacterium of the family Silvanigrellaceae, isolated from human blood of the patient with aspiration pneumonia after the drowning accident in Republic of China. However, until now, there is only one report describing "P. ruber" infection, and no case of isolation from natural environment has been reported so far. Thus, the infectivity and pathogenicity of "Pigmentibacter" spp. has not been clearly understood. In this report, we described the fatal case of "Pigmentibacter" bacteremia subsequently occurred after aspiration pneumonia probably due to accidental ingestion of irrigation water in the elderly patient. Despite administration of broad-spectrum antibiotic, the patient dramatically deteriorated and eventually deceased. Whole-genome sequencing showed the strain isolated from the patient was identified as "Pigmentibacter" sp. (designated as strain Takaoka) and antimicrobial sensitivity testing showed it displayed high minimum inhibitory concentrations against various antibiotics including ß-lactam. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical characteristics of "Pigmentibacter" and its relative's infections and their antimicrobial sensitivity; however, the present case supported the clinical characteristics of "Pigmentibacter" infection, which can lead to bacteremia following aspiration pneumonia caused by mis-swallowing contaminated water, and poor outcome potentially due to multidrug resistances.

A Multicenter Retrospective Observational Study Analyzing the Effect of Polypharmacy on Oxycodone Tolerability.

Polypharmacy is becoming increasingly troublesome in the treatment of cancer. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of concomitant polypharmacy comprising drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 and/or CYP2D6 on the oxycodone tolerability in patients with cancer. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study encompassing 20 hospitals. The data used for the study were obtained during the first 2 wk of oxycodone administration. The incidence of oxycodone discontinuation or dose reductions due to side effects and oxycodone-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) were compared between patients not treated with either inhibitor and those treated with concomitant CYP3A4 or CYP2D6 inhibitors. The incidence of oxycodone discontinuation or dose reductions in patients treated with ≥3 concomitant CYP2D6 inhibitors (18.2%) tended to be higher than that in patients without this treatment (8.2%; p = 0.09). Moreover, the incidence of OINV in patients treated with 2 concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors (29.8%) was significantly higher than that in patients without this treatment (15.5%; p = 0.049). Multivariate analysis showed that more than two concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors and no concomitant use of naldemedine were independent risk factors for OINV. Concomitant polypharmacy involving CYP3A4 inhibitors increases the risk of OINV. Therefore, medications concomitantly used with oxycodone should be optimized.

Novel rapid method for identifying and quantifying pathogenic bacteria within four hours of blood collection.

Sepsis is life-threatening organ dysfunction and is considered a major cause of health loss. However, since the current biomarkers of sepsis reflect the host's immune response to microorganisms, they would inevitably cause a time-lag. This means that there is still no truly reliable biomarker of sepsis. In the present study, we developed a novel method for identifying and quantifying unknown pathogenic bacteria within four hours of sample collection. The most important point of this study is that the novel method can be used to determine the number of bacteria in a sample as a novel biomarker of infectious diseases. Indeed, based on the number of bacteria, we were able to accurately estimate the severity of microbial infection. Furthermore, using the time-dependent changes in the number of bacteria, we were able to monitor the therapeutic effect accurately. The rapid identification and quantification of bacteria may change our approach to medical care.

Human Adipose-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells Accelerate Epithelialization of Radiation Ulcers in Nude Mice.

BACKGROUND: Cotransplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and endothelial progenitor cells has shown superior angiogenic effects compared with ASCs alone in recent animal studies. However, endothelial progenitor cells could only be collected from blood vessels or bone marrow. Thus, the authors have established a method for purifying adipose-derived endothelial progenitor cells (AEPCs). The authors hypothesized that AEPCs would enhance the therapeutic effect of ASCs on radiation ulcers. METHODS: Seven-week-old male nude mice (BALB/cAJcl-nu/nu) were irradiated on the dorsal skin (total 40 Gy); 12 weeks later, 6-mm-diameter wounds were created. The mice were then treated with subcutaneous injection of human ASCs [1 × 10 5 ( n = 4)], human AEPCs [2 × 10 5 or 5 × 10 5 ( n = 5)], combinations of those [ASCs 1 × 10 5 plus AEPCs 2 × 10 5 ( n = 4) or 5 × 10 5 ( n = 5)], or only vehicle ( n = 7). The nonirradiated group was also prepared as a control ( n = 6). The days required for macroscopic epithelialization was compared, and immunostaining for human-derived cells and vascular endothelial cells was performed at day 28. RESULTS: AEPC-ASC combination-treated groups healed faster than the ASC-treated group (14 ± 0 days versus 17 ± 2 days; P < 0.01). Engraftment of the injected cells could not be confirmed. Only the nonirradiated mice had significantly higher vascular density (0.988 ± 0.183 × 10 -5 /µm -2 versus 0.474 ± 0.092 × 10 -5 /µm 2 ; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The results suggested therapeutic potentials of AEPCs and an enhanced effect of combination with ASCs. This study is a xenogenic transplantation model, and further validation in an autologous transplantation model is needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Human AEPCs and their combination with ASCs accelerated epithelialization of radiation ulcers in nude mice. The authors suggest that administration of humoral factors secreted from AEPCs (eg, treatment with culture-conditioned media) could be used for the same purpose.

Analysis of Nausea and Vomiting Frequency Following Opioid Dose Escalation and Its Risk Factors: A Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study.

Background and Objective: Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) is known to develop not only upon opioid introduction but also during opioid dose escalation, but the actual details are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of OINV in opioid dose escalation at a single center and to identify risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of hospitalized patients with cancer who underwent increased intake of oral oxycodone extended-release tablets at Komaki City Hospital between January 2016 and December 2019 was performed. Associations between the incidence of OINV and multiple factors were analyzed, including patient demographics, opioid daily dose, comorbidities, history of nausea after opioid introduction, and prophylactic antiemetic drugs. Results: Of the 132 patients analyzed, 56 (42.4%; grades 1 and 2, 36 and 20, respectively) developed opioid-induced nausea after opioid dose escalation, 26 (19.7%; grades 1 and 2, 19 and 7, respectively) developed opioid-induced vomiting, 58 (43.9%) had either opioid-induced nausea or vomiting. Thirty-five of 60 patients (55.0%) developed OINV among those who received prophylactic antiemetic drugs at opioid dose escalation. Performance status (≥2) (odds ratio [OR]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.15-4.84, p = 0.02) and history of nausea for opioid introduction (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.20-7.10, p = 0.02) were detected as risk factors for the development of OINV. Conclusion: This study revealed a high incidence of OINV during opioid dose escalation, indicating that careful monitoring is required as at the time of opioid introduction. Further validation by a prospective study is required.

Impact of COVID-19 and Closed Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the First Wave in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, March 30 to May 18, 2020.

We studied 226 patients in Toyama Prefecture who were notified of COVID-19 during the first wave between March 30 and May 18, 2020. Of the 226 patients, 22 (9.7%) died, most (95%) of whom were aged ≥65 years. A large cluster comprising 59 patients (41 residents and 18 staff members) was identified in a nursing home on April 17. No deaths occurred among staff members; however, 12 of the 41 residents (29%) died. Although the threshold cycle (Ct) values were significantly lower in the 20-64 and ≥65 years age groups than in the <20 years age group, no correlation was found between the Ct values and severity, fatal outcome, or secondary infection. The haplotype network of 145 SARS-CoV-2 isolates (64%) from 226 patients was analyzed. The viral genomes of the case groups differed by less than five nucleotide bases. These data suggest that the SARS-CoV-2 strains, which were initially introduced into Toyama Prefecture in late March and early April 2020, and their closely related strains, identified as lineage B.1.1, circulated during the first wave. The reduced inter-prefectural mobility of local residents may support the lack of strain diversity in SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the state of emergency.

High Incidence of Metastatic Infections in Panton-Valentine Leucocidin-Negative, Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: An 11-Year Retrospective Study in Japan.

Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL)-negative community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was originally disseminated in Japan and has since replaced healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). However, the clinical characteristics of CA-MRSA bacteremia (CA-MRSAB) compared with those of HA-MRSA bacteremia (HA-MRSAB) are unknown. We aim to clarify differences and investigate associations between the clinical manifestations and virulence genes associated with plasma-biofilm formation in PVL-negative CA-MRSA. From 2011 to 2021, when CA-MRSA dramatically replaced HA-MRSA, 79 MRSA strains were collected from blood cultures and analyzed via SCCmec typing and targeted virulence gene (lukSF-PV, cna, and fnbB) detection. The incidence of metastatic infection was significantly higher in CA-MRSAB than in HA-MRSAB. PVL genes were all negative, although cna and fnbB were positive in 55.6% (20/36) and 50% (18/36) of CA-MRSA strains and 3.7% (1/27) and 7.4% (2/27) of HA-MRSA strains, respectively. cna and fnbB carriage were not associated with the development of metastatic infections in MRSAB; however, the bacteremia duration was significantly longer in CA-MRSAB harboring cna. CA-MRSAB may be more likely to cause metastatic infections than HA-MRSAB. Since CA-MRSA is dominant in Japan, suspected metastatic infection foci should be identified by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiography when treating MRSAB.

Combination therapy with WEE1 inhibition and trifluridine/tipiracil against esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Despite advanced therapeutics, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains one of the deadliest cancers. Here, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy based on synthetic lethality combining trifluridine/tipiracil and MK1775 (WEE1 inhibitor) as a treatment for ESCC. This study demonstrates that trifluridine induces single-strand DNA damage in ESCC cells, as evidenced by phosphorylated replication protein 32. The DNA damage response includes cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) (Tyr15) phosphorylation as CDK1 inhibition and a decrease of the proportion of phospho-histone H3 (p-hH3)-positive cells, indicating cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase before mitosis entry. The WEE1 inhibitor remarkedly suppressed CDK1 phosphorylation (Try15) and reactivated CDK1, and also increased the proportion of p-hH3-positive cells, which indicates an increase of the number of cells into mitosis. Trifluridine combined with a WEE1 inhibitor increased trifluridine-mediated DNA damage, namely DNA double-strand breaks, as shown by increased γ-H2AX expression. Moreover, the combination treatment with trifluridine/tipiracil and a WEE1 inhibitor significantly suppressed tumor growth of ESCC-derived xenograft models. Hence, our novel combination treatment with trifluridine/tipiracil and a WEE1 inhibitor is considered a candidate treatment strategy for ESCC.

Irradiation affects adipose-derived stem cells and wound healing depending on radiation dose and frequency.

BACKGROUND: Radiation therapies are often associated with permanent devitalization in the surrounding tissue. We hypothesized that stem cells are damaged depending on each irradiation dose and frequency of fractionated radiotherapies, which results in impaired tissue function including wound healing capacity. METHODS: To test the hypothesis, susceptibility of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to a single irradiation (0-10 Gy) was assessed in vitro. In vivo chronic radiation effects were also assessed on the mouse dorsal skin (N=4-5) for 6 months after a total of 40 Gy irradiation (0 Gy as control) using one of three fractionated protocols (2 Gy daily for 20 days, 10 Gy weekly for 4 weeks, or 10 Gy monthly for 4 months). Oxygen partial pressure, oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and dorsal skin viscoelasticity were periodically measured, and wound healing and tissue immunohistology were compared at 6 months. RESULTS: A single irradiation of cultured human ASCs resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cell death up to 2 Gy but with no further increases between 2 and 10 Gy. Most of the apoptotic ASCs were in the proliferation phase. Among the three in vivo irradiation protocols, the 2 Gy×20 group had the most severe chronic tissue damage (i.e., skin dysfunction, subcutaneous atrophy, and depletion of CD34+ stem cells) 6 months after the irradiation. Wound healing was also impaired most significantly in the 2 Gy×20 group. CONCLUSIONS: These results have important clinical implications for surgeons and radiotherapists such as the timing of surgical interventions and the optimization of fractionation protocols.Clinical Relevance Statement: Irradiation damages stem cells depending on the radiation dose and frequency. Using the ultimately optimized protocol, we can minimize the long-term functional deficits of radiated tissue without losing anti-cancer efficacy of radiation therapy.

Unexpected Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage After Bronchoscopy.

CASE PRESENTATION: A 71-year-old woman sought treatment for a nonproductive cough. The patient had experienced no episodes of hemoptysis or shortness of breath. Her illness history included lumbago and dry mouth. The patient did not smoke and had no significant family medical history or medication use. She had no allergies to any food or drugs. Blood test results, including a CBC count, biochemical examination, and coagulation, were unremarkable. Autoantibody screening revealed positive antinuclear antibody findings with a titer of speckled and nucleolar, and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were elevated at 240 U/mL (normal range, < 7.0 U/mL). Chest CT scan imaging showed a slight infiltrative shadow of the bilateral lower lobes. Because the patient was suspected to have interstitial pneumonia resulting from Sjögren disease, we decided to perform fiber optic bronchoscopy with BAL for evaluation of interstitial lung disease.

Characteristics of preventive intervention acceptance for international travel among clients aged 60 years and older from a Japanese multicenter pretravel consultation registry.

OBJECTIVES: Pretravel consultation (PTC) is important for older adults owing to health problems associated with overseas travel. Although older adults in Japan, their PTC characteristics are less known. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of clients aged ≥ 60 years based on data from the Japan Pre-travel Consultation Registry (J-PRECOR). METHODS: Clients aged ≥ 60 years who visited J-PRECOR cooperative hospitals from February 1, 2018, to May 31, 2022, were included. The primary endpoint was a comparison of prescriptions for vaccines for hepatitis A, tetanus toxoid, and malaria prophylaxis in travelers to high-risk malaria countries in yellow fever vaccination (YFV)-available facilities with and without YFV. RESULTS: In total, 1000 clients (median age: 67 years) were included. Although 523 clients were immunized with YFV, only 38.6% of the 961 unimmunized clients were vaccinated with the tetanus toxoid-containing vaccine. Malaria chemoprophylaxis was prescribed to 25.7% of clients traveling for ≤55 days. At YFV-capable institutes, 557 clients traveling to yellow fever risk countries took PTC, 474 of whom received YFV and 83 were unvaccinated. Lower age (odds rate 0.85 per 1 year; 95% CI 0.80-0.90) and lower hepatitis A vaccination rate (0.29; 95% CI 0.14-0.63) were significantly associated with YFV. CONCLUSIONS: Preventive interventions other than YFV should be offered to older adults.

Turmeronols (A and B) from Curcuma longa have anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells by reducing NF-κB signaling.

Turmeronols (A and B), bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoids found in turmeric, reduce inflammation outside the brain in animals; however, their effects on neuroinflammation, a common pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, are not understood. Inflammatory mediators produced by microglial cells play a key role in neuroinflammation, so this study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of turmeronols in BV-2 microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pretreatment with turmeronol A or B significantly inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production; mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase; production of interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α and upregulation of their mRNA expression; phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 proteins and inhibitor of NF-κB kinase (IKK); and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These results suggest that these turmeronols may prevent the production of inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway in activated microglial cells and can potentially treat neuroinflammation associated with microglial activation.